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Chufut-Kale (; Russian and Ukrainian: Чуфут-Кале - ''Chufut-Kale''; ; Karaim: Къале - ''Qale''〔) is a medieval city-fortress in the Crimean Mountains that now lies in ruins. It is a national monument of Crimean Karaites culture just east of Bakhchisaray. Its name is Crimean Tatar and Turkish for "Jewish Fortress" (''çufut/çıfıt'' - Jew, ''qale/kale'' - fortress), while Crimean Karaites refer to it simply as "Fortress", considering the place as historical center for the Crimean Karaite community.〔 In the Middle Ages the fortress was known as ''Qırq Yer'' (Place of Forty) and as Karaites to which sect the greater part of its inhabitants belong, ''Sela' ha-Yehudim'' 〔〔(Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале );〕 (The Rock of the Jews). ==Name versions== * Чуфут-Кале (Russian transliteration: Chufut Kale) is mentioned in the Soviet scientific literature,〔Чуфут Кале // Большая советская энциклопедия〕 as well as in the works of Karaite authors in the Russian language from the second half of the 19th century to the post-Soviet epoch,〔Память о Чуфут-Кале / С. Бейм. — О.: (), 1862. — 82с., с.431-444〕〔 including Seraya Shapshal's publications;〔Шапшал С. Караимы и Чуфут-Кале в Крыму. — СПб., 1895.]〕 * ''Juft Qale'' (Кале ) is used by modern Crimean Karaite leaders, arguing that this is the original name of the town (in translation from Turkic - ''Double fortress''), that over time it evolved into "a wrong but more easily pronounced name: ''Chufut-Kale'' (Кале ) or ''Chuft-Kale'' (Кале )";〔(Crimean Karaites (author— K. Efetov) )〕 * ''Qırq Yer, Qırq Or, Kyrk-Or, Gevher Kermen Çufut-Qale, Çıfut-Qalesi''〔"In the west end of the valley Bakhchisaray, half an hour from the city, is a place with 120 roads, with a castle on a high cliff. Now it is simply called Qale (fortress) or Chifut-Qalesi (Jewish Fortress), as it is populated only by Jews Karaite sect. »/ / Crimean Khanate Johann Tunman , 1784〕 were the Crimean Tatar names during the Crimean Khanate; * ''Kale'' (Karaim. '' קלעה'', ''къале'', ''kale'' - fortress);〔Караимско-русско-польский словарь / Н. А. Баскаков, А. Зайончковский, С. Ш. Шапшал, 1974, C. 683 (Географические названия)〕〔Firkovich M. Y'' The ancient Karaim town Kale now called "Chufut Kale".'' - Vilna, 1907〕 * ''Sela Yuhudim'' ( - «Rock of the Jews" (in the Karaite pronunciation) was used in Crimean Karaite literature until the second half of 19th century;〔( «The origin and history of the Crimean Karaites" S.Beim 1862 Crimea. Chufut Kale.Bakhchisaray )〕〔Abraham Firkovich. («Manjalis Document» («נוסח הרשימה הנמצאת במנג'יליס / על ידי כמורה"ר ... אברהם פירקוויץ בשנת התר"א ») )〕〔( Энциклопедический словарь Ф. А. Брокгауза и И. А. Ефрона— С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907 ст. Чуфут Кале )〕 * ''Sela ha-Karaim'' ( - "Rock of the Karaites ") used by Crimean Karaites from the second half of 19th century;〔(Commemorative plaque in Chufut Kale kenasa after in honor of visiting by the Tsar's family in 1886 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chufut-Kale」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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